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《儒教三千年》笔记

nonoob posted @ Sat, 20 Oct 2012 01:44:02 +0800 in Nonsense , 2234 readers

书的简介见这里,内容见书本身。然而除了有些八卦之外,这篇笔记和书内容关系却不大。

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按照陈舜臣的说法,儒并不是孔丘所创,孔子只是集大成者——有点像光头僧侣并不是佛教首创,但却是因佛教而流传一样。孔子出身在鲁国这样一个伯禽的封地,地方虽小却很重周公所推崇的礼教;孔子四处游学讲说,布道授业,的确辛苦了。以前我一直不明白的是为什么儒家这么重“礼”,从这本书中才了解了个大概:原来以前的儒者都是靠丧葬祭祀混饭吃的,对他们来说这才是安生立命的根本,也是因为这个原因他们才会东奔西走——要不会失业的!从孔子的言语来看的确可以发现有不少假托周公的话——不排除有些的确是周公旦提倡的,但不免有仲尼自己添油加醋的成分,即使有时候连他自己也没有察觉。本来嘛,找个公认的牛逼人物傍一下大腿就是人之常情,就连贾宝玉也会用《古今人物通考》中的“西方有石名黛,可代画眉之墨”不是?顺便扯一点,关于华夏究竟有多少年的历史的问题我更倾向于从商开始算。司马迁有文学家的修养但的确不是一个严谨的史学家;居然有以《上下五千年》为名的畅销书,足可以用“呵呵”来形容国内的历史学;管窥蠡测,五四新文化思想现在可算是荡然无存了。

讲儒家,《论语》和孔子是绕不过的。如果想研究孔子的言论,论语和孔子家书以及相关史书作参考应该也可以八九不离十了;但如果想研究孔子之后的儒家学派,可就要了解历代文人学者理解的四书五经和他们的言行著述了;如果要分析儒学对所谓的华夏文明的 影响,涉猎之广就非鄙人所能想象了(不过也可以“站在巨人的肩膀上”)。如果真有哪个像我这样的门外汉一本正经的讨论第三者,我的第一感觉肯定是:亲,吃错药了吧?还好我上面说的三者都不是,我只是闲扯的;而陈舜臣老先生自然也不是门外汉并且也是以茶话闲聊为主。

从这本书中,我发现日本学者研究《论语》可不像国内的那么死板,南怀瑾对"有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎"的调侃居然可以被当成辫子揪来揪去——本来就是(现在一般人理解的)“别裁”嘛(也有人拿《论语别裁》的标题声讨,不过也许是媒体大肆扭曲事实)。如果被理解成"有朋,自远方前来比较"是不是会被某些人骂死?再有荻生徂徕把“达巷党人”说成是一个姓达巷名党人的意思,他死定了!不难发现在我们现代人所说的中国古代也存在了好些解释,不少解释当然是比较牵强的;然而由于古汉语的语法的混乱、通假字的乱用以及不带标点等种种弊病,造成了在字面上很多解释居然都是可行的!现在有了些主流的解释,可是它们绝不是标准答案,我们更不应当以此来否认其他的解释的合理性啊!况且,“一千个人有一千个哈姆雷特”,鬼才相信世界上有两个人可以对同一个句子有相同的理解呢(相似而已,如果用隶属度来说的就准确多了)!

吐槽一下孔子。小时候总是听长辈说"孔老二"、“迂夫子”这样的话,但是高中时读论语的时候从来没把这和孔子联系起来。知道大一的时候才想起来,感觉孔子真的有些迂腐——不过程度并不特别深(其实《论语》中就有不少可以体现孔子本人也非呆板的言行),而只是在我把他和他的学生胡乱分析了一下之后有的一点小结论。初中听老师说孔子“弟子三千、贤者七十二”;当时有个念头是孔子真牛逼,特地凑成这么好两个的数字。知道大学才意识到原来古中国人和古印度人真的对数字没什么认真劲儿,而为了求得辞藻、押韵等古人又可以随便用些词语。弟子三千,按孔子活了七十六岁的说法,他平均每九天收一个弟子;很多弟子还指望从孔子口中得到些什么吗?最多只是间接传授罢了;或者又把那些“一字师”和自诩为门人的加了进去。贤者七十二,当然也不好考证了。但我们知道的是颜回、曾参、子贡、子路、子游、子夏名额肯定是有的,我想宰我、冉有、樊迟等人必然也是位列其中。但据论语所记,冉有是一个非常喜欢敛财的人,而且还帮着季氏!用后世儒家的观点来看,怎么都跟贤不沾边啊。再看子路,作为一个类似绿林好汉出身的大老粗,能虚心接受孔子的教化,不得不说精神可嘉,并且其赤子之心着实令我喜欢;可我们看到的是子路仍然是一个非常鲁莽、不喜思考的人(不妨想想他是怎么死的),称之为贤者也有些过誉了吧。樊迟则有传说说他贪图安易,追求物质利益。我从没有抱着贤人不能有错的观点,可这三个人用“贤者”形容的确不妥吧。不过我认为最值得吐槽的是孔子对颜回的厚爱,简直到了不可理喻的地步。从论语中可以看到的关于颜渊直接的描写并不多,他是个“神秘人”——我们只知道“回也不改其乐”、“吾与女弗如也”;而颜回对孔子却是“仰之弥高、钻之弥坚”,”子在,回何敢死“之类马屁不能拍得再露骨的话了。孔子钟爱他,大概是从他身上看到了一个更为迂腐版的自己,又或者是颜渊死得早老夫子容易伤感吧。相比而言,端木赐倒是一个机智、聪明、真诚、有为的人。比如他可以通过问"伯夷叔齐何人"而举一反三得到"夫子不为也","子贡使楚"的故事也广为人赞,可认为君子不器的孔子仍然认为子贡“瑚琏也”——最让人肃然起敬的是子贡可以在孔子去世后在孔子墓旁守孝三年——这种事只有子贡做出来了,即使曾参这样的人也没有做到!我总想为子贡抱不平,有时不禁想孔子是嫉贤妒能才有意贬低子贡的吧!然后我们再看看孔庙的"四配",颜回、曾参、孔伋、孟子!曾子却是孔子得意门生,并且带头整理孔子言行,功不可没。孔伋是孔子的孙子,传言是《中庸》作者。孟子亚圣自不必说,尽管其言论和孔子的观点分歧并不少见。可是颜回何德何能位居护法之首?所以说呢,很多现有的观点都是值得怀疑的,想我国古代把儒学和国家等身的做法如果完全没有佛教和道家补充的话实在是件很危险的事情!

再扯一句,如果宰我没有落下昼寝的恶名的话或许国人的理性思维远比现在高很多;如果孔子少些对从商的端木赐偏见的话中国或许早就摆脱了农业为主的经济;如果孔子在编纂《易经》时对“形而上者谓之道、形而下者谓之器”这种说法有个比较好的解释的话中国也就不会变成技术落后的国家了……蝴蝶效应下一切都有可能;只是历史已经不可以改变了。

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Garfileo said:
Sat, 20 Oct 2012 08:58:19 +0800

孔老二这个称呼觉得很贴切。儒教的学说首推的是“仁”,而这个字的意思就是“这个人很二”

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nonoob said:
Sun, 21 Oct 2012 23:09:19 +0800

@Garfileo: 好独到的解释!

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我只能用编程之禅来形容你了...强大

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